Perspectives

What are perspectives?

Choice A

A perspective is essentially the lens through which you view the world. It is the unique framework of thoughts, beliefs, and interpretations that you use to make sense of your experiences, the people you meet, and the events happening around you. No two people have the exact same perspective because no two people have the exact same life path.

What Shapes Your Perspective?

Your perspective is dynamic—it isn't static, and it evolves as you move through life. It is crafted by a mix of factors, including:

• Personal Experiences: The triumphs, failures, and daily events you’ve lived through.

• Background & Culture: The traditions, values, and societal norms you were raised with.

• Knowledge & Education: The information you have absorbed and how you have learned to process it.

• Beliefs & Values: Your moral compass and the core convictions you hold about what is right, wrong, or important.

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Why It Matters

Understanding that everyone operates from their own "lens" is a fundamental part of human connection and critical thinking:

1. Empathy: When you recognize that someone else’s reaction is a result of their unique perspective—not just "being difficult"—it becomes much easier to listen with curiosity instead of judgment.

2. Problem Solving: If you are stuck on a problem, shifting your perspective (or inviting someone else’s) can reveal solutions you couldn't see before. It’s the mental equivalent of walking around an object to see its other sides.

3. Critical Thinking: By acknowledging that your own viewpoint is just one of many, you become more aware of your own biases. This helps you question your assumptions and approach complex issues with more nuance.

4. Balance: In common parlance, "having perspective" often means the ability to see the big picture. It’s the capacity to step back from a stressful moment and realize how it fits into the broader, long-term context of your life.

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A Simple Analogy

Think of life as a mountain. If you are standing at the base, your view of the peak is limited by the trees and terrain immediately around you. If you move to the other side of the mountain, or if you climb higher, the view changes completely.

The mountain hasn't changed—only your position relative to it has. That shift in position is your perspective.

Choice B

Broadly speaking, perspectives are the lenses through which we view, interpret, and understand the world. Because no two people stand in the exact same spot—physically, emotionally, or intellectually—everyone’s perspective is unique.

Think of it like looking at a giant sculpture: someone standing in front sees something completely different from someone standing behind it, yet both are looking at the same object.

Here is a breakdown of how perspectives function across different fields:

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1. Cognitive and Social Perspective

This is how we process information based on our personal "data set." It’s shaped by:

• Experience: Your past successes and failures.

• Culture: The traditions and norms you grew up with.

• Knowledge: What you have been taught versus what you’ve discovered.

2. Narrative Perspective (Literature)

In storytelling, perspective determines who is telling the story and how much they know:

• First-person: "I saw the rain." (Intimate, but biased).

• Third-person: "He saw the rain." (More detached).

• Omniscient: The narrator knows what everyone is thinking and feeling.

3. Visual Perspective (Art & Geometry)

This is the technique used to represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface. It creates the illusion of depth and distance.

• Linear Perspective: Using a "vanishing point" where parallel lines appear to meet.

• Atmospheric Perspective: Making distant objects appear lighter and blurrier.

4. Philosophical Perspective

This involves the "big picture" frameworks used to judge what is true or ethical:

• Objective: Attempting to look at facts without personal feelings (the "view from nowhere").

• Subjective: Acknowledging that truth is filtered through individual consciousness.

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Why Perspective Matters

Perspective is the difference between a problem and an opportunity. If you change your perspective, you don't necessarily change the facts, but you change your relationship to those facts.

As the saying goes: "We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are."

Certainly! One of the clearest ways to understand perspective is through art and geometry, specifically Linear Perspective.

This technique uses a "vanishing point" on the horizon line where all parallel lines seem to meet. It creates the illusion of depth, making a flat image look like a three-dimensional space.

In these images, you can see how lines (like the edges of buildings or road tracks) converge toward a single point, which mimics how our eyes actually see the physical world.

ពាក្យថា Perspective អាចបកប្រែជាភាសាខ្មែរបានច្រើនយ៉ាង ទៅតាមបរិបទនៃប្រយោគនីមួយៗ៖

១. បរិបទចក្ខុវិស័យ ឬគំនូរ (Visual Art)ក្នុងន័យបច្ចេកទេសគំនូរ ឬការមើលឃើញ គេប្រើពាក្យថា៖

• ទស្សនវិស័យ៖ ការមើលឃើញដែលបង្កើតឱ្យមានជម្រៅ (ជិត ឬឆ្ងាយ)។
• លម្អៀង៖ ការមើលពីជ្រុងណាមួយទៅតាមចម្ងាយនៃភ្នែក។ 

  ២. បរិបទគំនិត ឬមតិ (Mental/Opinion): ក្នុងន័យទូទៅដែលយើងប្រើក្នុងការពិភាក្សា ឬការយល់ឃើញ គេប្រើពាក្យថា៖

• ទស្សនៈ៖ របៀបដែលមនុស្សម្នាក់យល់ឃើញចំពោះរឿងអ្វីមួយ។
• ជ្រុង៖ (ពាក្យសាមញ្ញ) ដូចជាពាក្យថា"មើលក្នុងជ្រុងផ្សេង" (Look from another perspective)។
• មុំ៖ ដូចជាពាក្យថា "មុំនៃការគិត"។

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ឧទាហរណ៍នៃការប្រើប្រាស់៖

ភាសាអង់គ្លេស	ភាសាខ្មែរ
From my perspective...	តាមទស្សនៈរបស់ខ្ញុំ...
We need a new perspective.	យើងត្រូវការជ្រុងនៃការគិតថ្មីមួយ។
He has a positive perspective on life.	គាត់មានទស្សនវិស័យវិជ្ជមានចំពោះជីវិត។

ឃ្លាមួយ ដែលលើកឡើងថា «Perspectives are ideas, views or fixed ways of thinking» គឺចង់ពន្យល់អំពី "របៀបដែលចិត្តរបស់យើងកំណត់ទៅលើអ្វីមួយ"។ បើយើងបកស្រាយឱ្យកាន់តែច្បាស់តាមផ្នែកនីមួយៗនៃនិយមន័យនេះ គឺមានន័យដូចខាងក្រោម៖

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១. Ideas (គំនិត) ក្នុងន័យនេះ Perspective គឺជា "គ្រាប់ពូជនៃគិត"។ នៅពេលអ្នកជួបព្រឹត្តិការណ៍អ្វីមួយ គំនិតដំបូងដែលលោតឡើងមកក្នុងខួរក្បាលរបស់អ្នក គឺជា Perspective របស់អ្នកហើយ។ ឧទាហរណ៍៖ មនុស្សពីរនាក់ឃើញភ្លៀងធ្លាក់។ ម្នាក់គិតថា "រ៉ូមែនទិកណាស់" (គំនិតវិជ្ជមាន) ម្នាក់ទៀតគិតថា "ស្អប់ណាស់ ធ្វើឱ្យខកខានការងារ" (គំនិតអវិជ្ជមាន)។

២. Views (ទស្សនៈ ឬ ការមើលឃើញ) នេះសំដៅលើ "ជ្រុង" ដែលយើងជ្រើសរើសដើម្បីសម្លឹងមើលបញ្ហា។ វាដូចជាការដាក់កាមេរ៉ានៅមុំខុសៗគ្នា ដើម្បីថតរូបវត្ថុតែមួយ។

ឧទាហរណ៍៖ ក្នុងការធ្វើជំនួញ អ្នកខ្លះមើលឃើញ "បញ្ហា" ថាជា ឧបសគ្គ (View of obstacle) ប៉ុន្តែអ្នកខ្លះទៀតមើលឃើញ "បញ្ហា" ថាជា ឱកាស ដើម្បីកែលម្អ (View of opportunity)។

៣. Fixed ways of thinking (របៀបគិតដែលចាក់ឫសជាប់) ចំណុចនេះសំដៅលើ "ផ្នត់គំនិត" (Mindset) ដែលយើងប្រើជាទម្លាប់។ វាជាតម្រង (Filter) ដែលយើងប្រើសម្រាប់វាយតម្លៃពិភពលោក។ ជួនកាលវាអាចជាចំណុចខ្សោយ ប្រសិនបើវា "ជាប់គាំង" (Fixed) ពេក រហូតដល់មិនព្រមទទួលយកការពិតថ្មីៗ។ ឧទាហរណ៍៖ មនុស្សដែលមានផ្នត់គំនិតបែប "Fixed Perspective" អាចជឿថា "ខ្លួនឯងមិនអាចរៀនអ្វីថ្មីបានទេ ព្រោះអាយុច្រើន"។ នេះគឺជាការគិតដែលចាក់ឫសជាប់ បិទផ្លូវខ្លួនឯង។

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សេចក្តីសន្និដ្ឋាន

និយមន័យនេះចង់ប្រាប់យើងថា "ពិភពលោកដែលយើងឃើញ មិនមែនជាពិភពលោកពិតទាំងស្រុងនោះទេ ប៉ុន្តែវាគឺជាពិភពលោកដែលឆ្លងកាត់ការបកស្រាយពីគំនិត និងទស្សនៈរបស់យើង"។

 

ចំណាំ៖ រូបភាពខាងលើជាឧទាហរណ៍ដ៏ល្អ។ មនុស្សម្នាក់មើលឃើញស្រ្តីក្មេង ម្នាក់ទៀតមើលឃើញស្រ្តីជរា។ គ្មានអ្នកណាខុសទេ គឺគ្រាន់តែពួកគេមាន Perspective ខុសគ្នាលើរូបភាពតែមួយ។

ការផ្លាស់ប្តូរ Perspective ឬ "ការផ្លាស់ប្តូរទស្សនៈ" មិនមែនមានន័យថាជាការបោកប្រាស់ខ្លួនឯងនោះទេ ប៉ុន្តែវាគឺជាការជ្រើសរើសមើល "ការពិត" ក្នុងជ្រុងផ្សេងដែលផ្តល់កម្លាំងចិត្តដល់យើងវិញ។

នេះគឺជាបច្ចេកទេសងាយៗចំនួន ៣ ដើម្បីផ្លាស់ប្តូរ Perspective ឱ្យជីវិតកាន់តែប្រសើរ៖

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១. ប្តូរពី "បញ្ហា" ទៅជា "មេរៀន" (From Problem to Lesson) នៅពេលមានរឿងមិនល្អកើតឡើង មនុស្សភាគច្រើនសួរថា៖ "ហេតុអ្វីបានជារឿងនេះកើតឡើងចំពោះខ្ញុំ?" (មើលឃើញខ្លួនឯងជាជនរងគ្រោះ)។

• សាកល្បងប្តូរមកសួរថា៖ "តើរឿងនេះចង់បង្រៀនអ្វីដល់ខ្ញុំ?" ឬ "តើខ្ញុំអាចរៀនអ្វីបានខ្លះពីកំហុសនេះ?"
  
• លទ្ធផល៖ អ្នកនឹងលែងមានអារម្មណ៍ថាស្មុគស្មាញ ហើយចាប់ផ្តើមរកវិធីដោះស្រាយវិញ។

២. ប្រើទ្រឹស្ដី "កែវទឹកកន្លះ" (The Half-Full Glass)

នេះជាឧទាហរណ៍បុរាណបំផុត។ បើមានទឹកកន្លះកែវ៖

• Perspective អវិជ្ជមាន៖ "ទឹកអស់អស់កន្លះបាត់ហើយ!" (ផ្ដោតលើអ្វីដែលបាត់បង់)។
• Perspective វិជ្ជមាន៖ "ទឹកនៅសល់កន្លះទៀតតើ!" (ផ្ដោតលើអ្វីដែលមានស្រាប់)។
• ក្នុងជីវិតជាក់ស្តែង៖ កុំផ្ដោតលើអ្វីដែលអ្នក "ខ្វះ" ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវចេះដឹងគុណ (Gratitude) ចំពោះអ្វីដែលអ្នក "មាន"។

៣. ការដាក់ខ្លួនក្នុងស្បែកជើងអ្នកដទៃ (Empathy Perspective)

ពេលខ្លះយើងខឹងនឹងនរណាម្នាក់ ព្រោះយើងមើលឃើញតែពីជ្រុងរបស់យើង។

• សាកល្បងគិតថា៖ "បើខ្ញុំជាគាត់ តើមានមូលហេតុអ្វីខ្លះដែលធ្វើឱ្យគាត់ធ្វើបែបហ្នឹង?"
  
• លទ្ធផល៖ អ្នកនឹងមានចិត្តមេត្តាច្រើនជាងមុន ហើយកាត់បន្ថយជម្លោះបានយ៉ាងច្រើន។

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តារាងសង្ខេបការប្តូរ Perspective៖

ស្ថានភាព	Perspective ចាស់ (ទាញទម្លាក់)	Perspective ថ្មី (រុញឡើង)
ធ្វើការខុស	"ខ្ញុំល្ងង់ណាស់ ធ្វើអ្វីក៏មិនកើត!"	"នេះជាបទពិសោធន៍ លើកក្រោយខ្ញុំនឹងដឹងវិធីធ្វើវាឱ្យត្រូវ!"
ជួបឧបសគ្គ	"វាចប់ហើយ ខ្ញុំមិនអាចទៅមុខរួចទេ!"	"នេះជាការសាកល្បងសមត្ថភាព ដើម្បីឱ្យខ្ញុំកាន់តែខ្លាំង!"
អ្នកដទៃរិះគន់	"គេស្អប់ខ្ញុំ គេចង់ធ្វើបាបខ្ញុំ!"	"គេប្រហែលជាឃើញចំណុចខ្វះខាតដែលខ្ញុំមើលមិនឃើញ!"

គន្លឹះសំខាន់៖ ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍ក្នុងជីវិតយើងមិនអាចគ្រប់គ្រងបាន ១០០% ទេ ប៉ុន្តែ "របៀបដែលយើងសម្លឹងមើលវា (Perspective)" គឺជាសិទ្ធិផ្តាច់មុខរបស់យើង។

The Verb to be

                                                                 The Verb to be

      I.            A. Definition

v Verb to be is one of the basic verbs of English. It has various uses according to the context.

v To be is called a linking verb which is used to describe something or someone( Nouns or Pronoun)

v To be is conjugated into am/is/are in present, was/were in the past and been in past participle

v It is derived according to the subjects and tenses

   II.            B. Uses of Verb to be

To be is be used

-       To say who we are

-       To tell us our jobs

-       Describe the weather

-       To talk about place, time, people’ age/height or tall

-       To describe how we feel

-       To say hello or to apologize

III.            C. Form of verb to be

Form
Positive	Subject + to be + noun/adjective/ adverb phrase.
Negative	Subject + to be + not + Noun/Adjective/ Adverb phrase.
Question	To be + Subject + Noun/Adjective/ Adverb phrase?
Answer	Yes, Subject + to be. No, Subject + to be + not.
Info-Question	Wh-question words+ to be + Subject  + Noun/Adjective/ Adverb phrase?

IV.            Examples

1        I am Steve and this is my friend, Bill. We are from Brazil.

2        I am Janet and these are my sisters. This is Sandra and this is Patricia. They are doctors.

3        It is a sunny day today in Cambodia. The weather is usually beautiful in here. However, it is a bit hot today. It is probably warm tomorrow.

4        We are late for school today. Look! It is 7.30 a.m. We are 30 minutes late.

5        Banteaymeanchey is in the west of Cambodia. Sereisophoan is a town in Banteaymeanchey. People in Banteaymeanchey are usually in their house during winter.

6        There are six people in my family. My father is 50 years old and my mother is 45 years old. My older brother is 30 years old and my older sister is 25. My younger sister is 12 year old and I am 18 years old.

7        I am always happy and I am not often bored. But sometimes I am angry when I am hungry or thirsty. My sister is often afraid of spider but I am not scared of it.

8        This car is not expensive. It is really cheap.

9        It is an old film and it isn’t very good.

10   These photos are bad!

   V. T    D. The contracted forms of the verb to be

                                The contraction form is usually used in speaking (Speech)

Long forms	Contraction forms	Negative form
I am	I’m	I’m not
You are	You’re	You’re not/You aren’t
We are	We’re	We’re not/We aren’t
They are	They’re	They’re not/They aren’t
He is	He’s	He’s not/ He isn’t
She is	She’s	She’s not/She isn’t
It is	It’s	It’s not/ It isn’t

                                    The special forms of verbs to be

   1. When an infinitive is the subject of a sentence, we usually begin the sentence with it

        and put the infinitive later.

-It is easy to criticize. (To criticize is easy.

-It is better to be early. (To be early is better.)

-It seems a pity to give up now. (To give up now seems a pity.) 

  2. If it + be is preceded by find/think (that), the be and the that can often be omitted

-He thought (that) it (would be) better to say nothing.

-We found it impossible to get visas.

 3. It can be used similarly when the subject of a sentence is a clause. It would be                   possible to say

-That he hasn't phoned is odd.=It's odd that he hasn't phoned.

-That prices will go up is certain.=It's certain that prices will go up.

-It never occurred to me that perhaps he was lying.

-It struck me that everyone was unusually silent.

4.Subject + to be + about to  

                                                   Structure

Introductory Clause (that)	It + be + adjective + infinitive
I think/ I believed/ I found/

          Examples

-I found that it is impossible to study at home.(= I found it was impossible to study at home.)

-She thought that it was important to revise the lessons before an exam.(=She thought it was important to revise the lessons before an exam.)

-I believe that it is my attitude to win this election.(=I believe it is my attitude to win this election.)

                                                            Structure

It + be + adjective (+ of + object) + infinitive	(a) character: brave, careless, cowardly, cruel, generous, good/ nice (= kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong (morally), etc., and fair*/just*/right* with negative or interrogative verbs, or (b)sense: clever, foolish, idiotic*, intelligent, sensible, silly, stupid. absurd*, ludicrous*, ridiculous* and unreasonable*
Pronoun + be + adjective + noun + infinitive	astonishing*,curious*,extraordinary*, funny* (= strange*), odd*, queer*, surprising* etc. and pointless, useful, useless
It + be + adjective + infinitive is possible with advisable	inadvisable*,better*, best, desirable*, essential*,good(=advisable),important*, necessary*,unnecessary*,vital*and with only + fair*/just*/right*:
It + be + adjective (+ for + object) + infinitive	convenient*, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard*, possible*, impossible, safe, unsafe.
It + be + adjective/participle + infinitive	show the feelings or reactions of the person: agreeable dreadful* lovely* terrible*awful*good*/nice*marvellous* wonderful*delightful* (= pleasant) splendid* etc. disagreeable horrible * strange *and with the present participles of: alarm* bewilder discourage* excite* surprise* amaze* bore disgust* frighten terrify amuse* depress* embarrass horrify* upset annoy* disappoint* encourage* interest* etc. astonish * fun (= an exciting experience) and a relief

Examples

-It was kind of you to help him. (You helped him. This was kind.)

-It was stupid (of them) to leave their bicycles outside. 

-It was a sensible precaution to take.

-That was a wicked thing to say (It can sometimes be expressed as exclamations:               What a funny way to park a car! What an odd time to choose!)

-Wouldn't it be better to wait? ~ No, it's essential to book in advance

-It won't be necessary for him to report to the police.

-It is only fair for him to have a chance. (Note: inessential and unimportant are not             normally used, but not essential is possible.)

  -Would it be convenient (for you) to see Mr X now?

-It was dangerous (for women) to go out alone after dark.

-This cake is easy (for me) to make.

-This car isn't safe (for me) to drive.

-It's awful to be alone in such a place.

-It's boring to do the same thing every day.

-It was depressing to find the house empty.

-It would be fun/exciting/interesting to canoe down the river.

-It was a relief to take off our wet boots.

-It's interesting (for children) to see a house being built.

-It was marvelous (for the boys) to have a garden to play in. (Note that for + object placed after good restricts the meaning of good to heal thy/beneficial: It's good for you to take regular exercise. (good + infinitive can have this meaning but can also mean pleasant/kind/advisable)

-It was an exciting ceremony to watch.

-It was a horrible place to live (in).

• Somewhat similar meanings can be expressed by subject + adjective + infinitive with angry*, delighted*, dismayed*, glad*, happy*, pleased*, relieved*, sad*, sorry* and the past participles of the verbs.

-I'm delighted to see you. 

(The most useful infinitives here are to find/learn/hear/see, but glad/happy/sad/sorry are also often followed by to say/tell/inform and sometimes by other infinitives: 

-He was glad to leave school.

-She was dismayed to find the door locked.

• Subject + be + adjective/participle + infinitive with: able/unable; apt, inclined, liable, prone; prepared, not prepared ( = ready/willing/unwilling), reluctant; prompt, quick, slow:

We are all apt to make mistakes when we try to hurry.

I am inclined to believe him. I am prepared/ready to help him.

He was most reluctant to lend us the money.

He was slow to realize that times had changed =He realized only slowly that times had changed.

Note:

·        of + object can be omitted after group (b) adjectives, and sometimes after group (a) adjectives, except good and nice. (Omission of "of" + object would change the meaning of good and nice.

·        The adjective is sometimes omitted in expressions of disapproval:

What a (silly) way to bring up a child!

What a time to choose!

·        Example with a that-clause:

It is strange/odd/surprising that he hasn't answered.

27 Adjectives + infinitive /that-clause/preposition constructions

• I)  due, due to, owing to, certain, sure, bound, confident due, used of time, can take an infinitive:

-The race is due to start in ten minutes. But it can also be used alone:

-The plane was due (in) at six. It is an hour overdue. due to (preposition) means 'a result of:

-The accident was due to carelessness. owing to means 'because of:

-Owing to his carelessness we had an accident.

• due to should be preceded by subject + verb, but English people are careless about this and often begin a sentence with due to instead of owing to.
• Certain and sure take infinitives to express the speaker's opinion. bound is also possible here:

-Tom is certain/sure/bound to win. (The speaker is confident of this.)

• But subject + certain/sure + that-clause expresses the subject's opinion:

-Tom is sure that he will win. (Tom is confident of victory.) confident that could replace certain/sure that above, but confident cannot be followed by an infinitive. sure, certain, confident can be followed by of + noun/pronoun or gerund:

Unless you're early you can't be sure of getting a seat. bound can take an infinitive, as shown above, but not that clause. bound + infinitive can also mean 'under an obligation':

According to the contract we are bound to supply the materials.

II) afraid (of), ashamed (of), sorry (for or about) afraid of, ashamed of, sorry for/about + noun/pronoun or gerund:

-She is afraid of heights/of falling.

-He was ashamed of himself (for behaving so badly)/ashamed of behaving so badly.

-I'm sorry for breaking your window, (apology)

-I'm sorry about your window, (apology/regret)

-I'm sorry for Peter, (pity) afraid, ashamed, sorry can be followed by an infinitive:

-She was afraid to speak. (She didn't speak.)

-I'd be ashamed to take his money. (I don't/won't take it.)

-I'm sorry to say that we have no news. or by a that-clause:

-I'm ashamed that I've nothing better to offer you.

-She's afraid (that) he won't believe her. (fear)

-I'm afraid (that) we have no news, (regret)

-I'm sorry (that) you can't come.

III) anxious (about), anxious + infinitive, anxious that, anxious (+ about + noun/pronoun) means ''worried''

-I'm anxious (about Tom). His plane is overdue. 

be anxious (+ for + noun/pronoun) + infinitive = 'to desire/to wish'

-I'm very anxious (for him) to see the Carnival. anxious + that . . . + should is possible in very formal English:

-The committee is anxious that this matter should be kept secret.

IV) fortunate and lucky can take either a that-clause or an infinitive, but there is usually a difference in meaning. It is fortunate/lucky that usually means 'It's a good thing that'

-It's lucky that Tom has a car.

-It's lucky that he passed his test. (Now he can drive himself to the station/take the children to the seaside etc.)

-It's lucky for us that he has a car. (He can give us a lift etc.)

Subject + be + fortunate/lucky + infinitive, however, emphasizes the subject's good fortune:

-He's lucky to have a car. (Many people haven't got one.)

-He was lucky to pass his test. (He wasn't really up to the standard.)

 

is/are + fortunate/lucky + present infinitive is used mainly with static verbs. With was/were or the continuous or perfect infinitive there is a wider choice:

-You were fortunate to escape unharmed.

-You are lucky to be going by air.

-He is lucky to have sold his house before they decided to build the new airport.

-It is lucky/unlucky can, however, be followed by the infinitive of any verb:

-It is unlucky to break a -mirror. (It brings misfortune.) fortunate and unfortunate are not used here but can be

used in the other constructions. They are chiefly found in more formal English.

These adjectives can also be used alone or with a noun: / wasn't lucky. He's fortunate.

Thirteen's my lucky number. He's a fortunate man.

V) possible, probable, and likely can take a that-clause introduced by it. likely can also be used with subject + Infinitive

(a) It's possible that he'll come today. = (b) Perhaps he'll come/He may come today.

(a) It's probable that he'll come today. = (b) He'll probably come today.

In each case, the (b) form is more usual than the (a) but the that-clause is convenient when we want to modify the adjectives:

-It's just/quite possible that. . .

-It's not very probable that. . . With likely both forms are equally useful:

-It's quite likely that he'll come today =He's quite likely to come today.

• is/are + subject + likely + infinitive is very useful as it supplies an interrogative form for may (= be possible):

Is he likely to ring today?

• possible, probable, and likely can be used without a that-clause when it is quite clear what this would be:

-Do you think he'll sell his house? ~ It's quite possible/probable/likely that he'll sell it.

VI) aware and conscious take a that-clause or of + noun/pronoun or gerund:

-It'll be dangerous. ~ I'm aware that it'll be dangerous/I'm aware of that.

-I was conscious of being watched = I felt that someone was watching me. conscious used by itself has a physical meaning: had only a local anesthetic. I was conscious the whole time.